Congo By Crichton Essay Example For Students

Congo By Crichton Essay Congo by Michel Crichton was an unprecedented book just as a film about agroup of researchers bringing an excursion into the core of Africa looking for theblack jewels, in the lost city of Zinj! While being seen back in the U.S. over satellite camera, the entire group kicks the bucket inside merely seconds by someunknown being. The researchers back home conveyed a subsequent group (Karen as theleader) to discover the others and to get where they had begun! There was onlyone issue with this arrangement, be that as it may. Be that as it may, there where no flights going tothis part of Africa in the following month. They at that point went over a gathering ofscientists that where taking a gesture based communication talking gorilla named Amy. Theywhere setting off to a similar spot since they felt this is the place Amy wasborn, and she continues having bad dreams about this spot. They group looking forthe jewels requested that they go in light of the fact that the gorilla group required more cash, whichKaren could give. When the other group had gotten into the plane and on thereway to Africa, they began being assaulted by another nation since they wherecrossing over yonder outskirt with out there consent. They where compelled to jumpout of the plane with Amy, to land securely on the ground. The two groups then setout for the lost city of Zinj. On there venture there Karen had continuedstaying in contact with her supervisor over the satellite, until one day when Amy andPeter (Amys proprietor) where playing and Amy knock it and made it break. Her supervisor at that point presumably felt that she was slaughtered as well. When they came to Zinj,they found that it sat on the highest point of an incredible fountain of liquid magma, however they had alsodiscovered what had executed the others! They were by all accounts a freak type of agorilla, with silver hair and changed face with fantastic insight. Theydiscovered them with in a sanctuary where they would rest during the day. The firstnight there they heard stirring around their camp, coming consistently nearer tothem. They turned on a spot light right towards them, to find around 50 ofthese dark backs gazing them directly at them. They lit to fire at them makingthem escape away! The following day they found the found the mines that the diamondswhere in. They had not been cleared out by any means! The entirety of the precious stones where leftand relinquished, never irritated. While Karen was crying over the jewels Amy andPeter where checking out the city while Amy was marki ng Amy frightened, BadPlace, dislike. Diminish understood that Amy was continually having bad dreams of herwatching her own mom be murdered by these gorillas! She would consistently makefinger canvases back home of something with a yellow eye. Dwindle asked her whatit was, and she caused him to follow her. They went to a sanctuary where inside therewas a tremendous sculpture of one of the dim gorillas! He understood that this cultureused to love these gorillas and train them to monitor the mines while theycouldnt. That clarifies why they are so smart, and why they slaughter allthat come into their region. Likewise why they slaughter by crushing ones head openwith two stone oars, murdering them right away. That night they set up campat an alternate area and encompassed the camp with wire that is connected toautomatic automatic weapons that shoot towards where the line is being pulled. Theyall where outfitted with spotlights and guns, and some had night vision goggles,and heat looking for perspectives to see them coming. They thought they where all ready!That night they heard a similar stirring in the brush yet when they turned on thegoggles and the perspectives they don't saw anything! Nothing was coming up in there see atall. One of the auto automatic weapons began going off at the rear of the camp, andall of an unexpected they all came past that certain point and where assaulting from all sides. .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade , .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade .postImageUrl , .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade , .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade:hover , .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade:visited , .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade:active { border:0!important; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade:active , .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade:hover { darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e 0a938ee125e449ade .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uf37b1e750a13f1e0a938ee125e449ade:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: To what degree are organizations mindful of their socia EssayAll crap hitting the fan, some swinging down from trees, some lifting the lineand going under. The devastation Only endured a couple of moments until the gorillas startedto retreat. When they where all gone the turned on the entirety of their spot lights,which uncovered the entirety of the dead gorilla bodies lying dead on the ground. Butthere was more that dead gorillas, there where dead HUMANS as well! Three ofKarens men passed on every one of the three of their skulls squashed open permitting their bloodybrains to spill out directly into the earth. The extremely foll owing day they understood thatAmy had pursued away the assault, however couldn't stop to search for her. They allrealized that they needed to leave that day and stay away for the indefinite future. Theystarted pressing their things while subside shouted to Amy anticipating her arrivalback. When prepared they set out to the mines once and for all to gather thediamonds, yet on their appearance the earth gazed to shake more than it usuallydid. They at that point realized that in the event that they didnt gather a few jewels brisk they woulddie! They gathered a couple of precious stones and Both of the endings are to muchdifferent so I will list them two in the following area of Compare andContrast. Thoroughly analyze Characters Amy, in the book, had an ability to talkin gesture based communication so any one who realized how to peruse it could convey throughher. In any case, rather than simply gesture based communication, in the film, she prostitute gloves thatsenced each development o f her hands and transmitted it back to a little computeron her back which verbally said the words for all to hear in a female PC voice!This permitting her to converse with anybody that she wanted to. Karen in the story wasonly looking for the jewels for her organization, to make another type of vitality. Yet, in the film she had progressively significant things at the forefront of her thoughts. Her significant other was onthe first excursion out there, which was slaughtered. So she went looking for him andthen would get the jewels on the off chance that she could! In the film there was another manthat assisted in the assets to get down there. He was a wayfarer that claimedto have voyage all around the globe that couldn't imagine anything better than to go to this part ofAfrica. He truly ended up being a phony in scan for the jewels to becomerich. What's more, in the book well he wasnt even in the book! In the story,Karens manager was just keen on finding the precious stones to for his organization tobecome rich while making another type of vitality, while not in any event, thinking about hissons passing. In any case, in the book he despite everything thought about the jewels yet he didnteven have a child, at any rate not in the business, and surely not dead in Africa!Compare and Cont rast Plot In the story, when they showed up at wilderness, they wherefine until night where they assaulted by freak gorillas. They just assaulted atnight on the grounds that they all rested during the day while it was light out. In the storythey additionally found that they slaughter by crushing head between rock paddles, killingpeople in a flash. For this situation the entirety of the gorillas passed on when the volcanoerupted! Dwindle and Karen escaped in a tourist balloon, that the discovered inanother plane that her supervisor had sent (which was killed) WITH Amy. In theMovie, when they showed up at the wilderness they where immediately looked by thegorillas. For This situation the gorillas assaulted during the day and night any chancethey could. Amy and Peter never truly witness them all kick the bucket be that as it may. Karen didhowever Killed a few gorillas by a laser that worked off of the jewels, inorder to get away from the sanctuary when the gorillas encompassed them. At the each endKaren and Peter escaped in sight-seeing balloon WITH OUT Amy. For she had chosen tostay behind and live with her types of gorilla. On the off chance that I needed to pick whichversion of Congo was better I would need to state that the book is vastly improved. Itgoes into more detail of everything and includes progressively sensational circumstances thatallow your brain to go free and make any psychological picture that you need. While inthe film you are limited to what the present and show to you

Ge Healthcare India Free Essays

string(128) medical clinics in the wide open is a potential issue, however as industrialization spreads, the quantity of emergency clinics will increase. akManagement 3040 Understanding the International Environment of Firms GE Healthcare in India: A Ultrasound Strategy? Presentation GE Healthcare India, a joint endeavor between General Electric and the Indian global Wipro Ltd. , was the market head in the ultrasound machine showcase with deals development of 10% for the past financial year in 2007. The colossal market potential and General Electric’s fruitful ease activities fitted well with the forceful deals procedure that the organization had built up. We will compose a custom article test on Ge Healthcare India or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Exclusively on a business perspective, GE Healthcare India had enormous development possibilities in the as yet creating market, however the social side of ultrasound machines was taking steps to execute the fate of the business. Starting Conditions General Electric entered India during the 1980s and â€Å"early speculations by GE in India gave their innovation and business-administration segments significant validity and money when different organizations despite everything saw the nation as a hazardous backwater. Many even credit then GE CEO Jack Welch with powering the monetary blast that would come to India during the 1990s. GE Healthcare joint-wandered with Wipro Corporation, India’s third biggest programming supplier, and their exercises incorporated the plan and assembling of ultrasound scanners and cardiology items; deals and administration of clinical imaging and data innovation items; parts and administrations coordinations; programming administrations and innovatio n arrangements; preparing in-association projects; and configuration, sourcing, and production of indicative imaging frameworks. As an endeavor in India with $100 million in incomes, GE Healthcare was the country’s biggest clinical frameworks deals and specialist co-op, outpacing its rivals which included Toshiba, Siemens, Philips, and Mindray International Medical. The organization started assembling and selling ultrasound machines in India during the 1990s, and exploited Wipro’s vigorous and broad dissemination and administration systems to convey its item to around 80% of its clients. The company’s demonstrative gear deals in India had ascended to $250 million by 2006. Ultrasound innovation was the most beneficial market for GE Healthcare and was utilized in early location of fetal imperfections or complexities during labor; finding of gallbladder sickness or deterrents; assessment of blood stream in veins; distinguishing unusual structures or capacities in the heart; identifying kidney stones and estimating the blood move through the kidney; recognizing prostate malignant growth early; and progressively, ultrasound was utilized in crisis room analyze. GE Healthcare had brought ultrasound innovation into the country zones of India where just 20% of India’s emergency clinics are found albeit 70% of the populace lives there. GE was additionally making huge advances into giving moderate and quality medicinal services innovation to Indian patients. Having ultrasound accessible in rustic zones had reduced expenses hugely for patients just as dread, as the demonstrative tests were acted in the solace of their own towns. A lot more individuals were getting clinical consideration they required. A significant social issue was the utilization of ultrasound machines as instruments in pre-birth sex assurance and the subsequent premature births of female hatchlings. The 2001 Indian registration uncovered that there were just 927 young ladies to each 1000 young men, contrasted with 962 young ladies to 1000 young men twenty years sooner. A December 2006 UNICEF report expressed that 7 000 less young ladies than anticipated were brought into the world day by day in India. An investigation by the British clinical diary â€Å"Lancet† demonstrated â€Å"that pre-birth sex assurance and particular fetus removal presumably represented about all the shortage in the quantity of young ladies conceived as second or third youngsters after past female births. In the event that such patterns proceeded, numerous social researchers anticipated social change, even war. In India numerous families favored children to girls for an assortment of reasons, including social restrictions. Young me n proceeded with the family name and bloodline, earned cash, cared for the family, and dealt with guardians in their mature age, while young ladies were only a weight that should have been conveyed to another family when the youngster happened to age. In Hindu convention, a child should light his parents’ memorial service fire so actually nearly from creation to incineration, ladies are oppressed. Indeed, even before the improvement of current innovation, child young ladies were regularly the casualties of child murder: left incredible slaughtered soon after birth by grisly methods. Child murder diminished with the presentation of ultrasound machines as prematurely ending female babies got ordinary. There were no Hindu limitations on fetus removal, and just negligible lawful requirement. The Indian government has attempted to pass numerous laws limiting sex choice. The Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act in 1996 prohibited the utilization of innovation, for example, ultrasounds and sonograms with the end goal of sex-specific premature birth. With the inadequacy of the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, the legislature began a â€Å"Respect for Girls† crusade through which moms with little girls got twice as much cash as the moms of young men. A few areas gave young ladies from poor families a spot to live, free tutoring and supplies. Right now, GE Healthcare has various bodies of evidence against it and is battling in court to demonstrate its innocence. The organization was blamed for selling ultrasound machines to â€Å"quacks,† as it offered modest credit that made the machines reasonable to most specialists. The organization confronted lawful issues, extraordinary government limitations, pushback from exercises for what they thought about its forceful deals strategies, and a heap of business issues. The organization had found a way to limit illicit utilization of the machines. It had taught its sales reps about the administration limitations, required oaths from its clients expressing that they would not utilize the machines to foreordain a fetus’ sex, and directed continuous reviews to guarantee that its customers were in consistence. In 2004, the principal year that GE Healthcare made these strides, the organization conceded that its deals had contracted by 10%, especially in the low-end Indian market however deals had bounced back by 2006. Investigation India is a quick creating nation, with a huge populace, where human services needs are developing at a fast rate. Proceeded with improvement of the country’s framework takes into account organizations to arrive at the enormous market of 70% of the populace that lives in the provincial zones. Low recurrence of clinics in the field is a potential issue, however as industrialization spreads, the quantity of emergency clinics will increment. You read Ge Healthcare India in class Article models Deals in the ultrasound business for GE Healthcare were up by 10% and an anticipated 20% for the next year looked more than attainable. GE’s joint-adventure with Wipro Corporation places the organization as a trailblazer in the ultrasound advertise as it exploits Wipro’s powerful and broad appropriation and administration systems. The $77 million ultrasound industry is set to become further and GE Healthcare is in post position to stand out. The social distress against ultrasound machines because of the increasing premature birth paces of female hatchlings takes steps to hinder the business. The high rate utilization of the machine to check the sex of hatchlings sabotages the other accommodating uses that the ultrasounds give. Government guidelines against ultrasounds and the â€Å"Respect for Girls† crusade give extreme barricades to every single significant player. GE Healthcare is at a go across street where it needs to pick among income and social obligation. Or on the other hand have the option to separate itself from the abuse of ultrasound machines and demonstrate this is an administration, not an industry issue. A choice about whether the creation of ultrasound machines in such a domain fits with GE’s crucial qualities is imperative to be made. Would GE’s solid position lead it to an unexpected and quick fall or would it help lead the organization out of this wreckage? Such a curious circumstance appears to have significant barricades at all bearings. Choices The accomplishment of GE Healthcare in the ultrasound business and its ongoing increment in income give a solid case to the organization to keep executing its forceful deals technique. The organization is pioneer in industry income and deals and approaches an all around created dissemination arrange, in contrast to its rivals. The bit of leeway picked up in the previous decade is difficult to be surrendered. A continuation of the present procedure has a couple of advantages. Above all else, the organization home office will be satisfied that their objective is being sought after and, potentially, accomplished. This will build the enthusiasm for India and give bigger speculations that could help grow the business exponentially. Having the assets to use the tremendous future capability of the business would extend the hole between GE Healthcare and its rivals and set up it as the undisputed number one in the ultrasound Indian market. In the event that an ascent of 10% happened during financial occasions that were turning out to be increasingly more troublesome in the Western world, than India’s significance to the organization base camp could get colossal. While the organization may continue an abatement in income somewhere else on the planet, in India it can depend on a consistent development that could help settle the worldwide effect of the downturn. Modest work expenses, and potential increment in deals because of the opening of an ever increasing number of emergency clinics, can even assistance GE Healthcare outperform that 20% objective development rate. Another significant positive that would result from this procedure is

Analysis for Chevron Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Examination for Chevron Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example The organization additionally takes a gander at different stakeholders’ benefits. The organization has embraced many CSR methodologies to engage in the market. List of chapters Abstract 2 1.0 About Chevron 4 2.0 The Corporate Social Responsibility Activities of Chevron 5 2.1 Business Ethics 6 2.2 Government 8 2.3 Human Rights 8 3.0 Evaluation of the Motivations for CSR Activities Drawing Upon the Company's Market Environment 9 4.0 Evaluation of the Motivations for CSR Activities Drawing Upon the Company's Non Market Environment 11 5.0 The Stakeholder Theory in Relation to Chevron 14 6.0 Conclusion 17 7.0 Recommendations 18 References 19 1.0 About Chevron is respected to be one of the biggest American global oil delivering organizations. It is considered as one of the top vitality organizations with different auxiliaries everywhere throughout the world. The organization is occupied with a series of exercises, for example, investigation, transportation, creation of unrefined pet roleum alongside gaseous petrol too. They are occupied with creating power and in the creation of geothermal vitality. The organization is focussed on giving sheltered and solid condition to the individuals. Their primary target is to maintain the authoritative dependability and adequacy in the brains of the individuals. It likewise delivers mining, pipelines, synthetic substances and is engaged with power development organizations also. In the US, the organization claims 9,600 service stations that work under the brand name of Chevron alongside Texaco. It additionally own or has stakes in around 12,400 service stations outside the market of the US with brand name of ‘Caltex’. Chevron marked a $4.3 billion arrangement with Atlas Energyâ in 2011 (Chevron, 2008) 2.0 The Corporate Social Responsibility Activities of Chevron Corporate obligation at Chevron is the utilization of ‘The Chevron Way’ across social, natural alongside administration issues and conc erns. The corporate obligation of the organization is executed through existing frameworks, methodology and approaches of the board so as to work morally and capably. The significant point of the organization is to continually build up the exhibition and exercises in the association. The business is acted in a proficient, moral and capable way. Through the corporate social obligation exercises Chevron hopes to play out their business capably by conveying vitality as well as making maintainable organization. Chevron has arranged an Action Plan in which environmental change has had a critical influence in their tasks identified with discharges decrease, inquire about enhancements and furthermore productivity upgrades. Chevron likewise supports their CSR exercises by contacting the prerequisites of the human lives by activities, for example, ‘Corporate Champion of The Global Fund’ so as to battle against sicknesses, for example, Tuberculosis, AIDS and Malaria. They were mo ving in the direction of controlling just as annihilating these unsafe illnesses in six distinct nations that has significant level rate (Chevron, 2008). Chevron’s Operational Excellence Management System (OEMS) characterizes the desires with respect to the sorted out administration of security, dependability, condition, wellbeing and productivity so as to achieve exceptional execution in operational greatness (Chevron, 2010). Chevron utilizes different intentions in their job towards corporate social duty. The thought processes are moral intentions, financial thought processes and key thought processes. CSR and

History And Its Recognition And Integration With The...

through western eyes there are many versions of history. often, the last person to tell the story, creates the definitive history. this is particularly true when long time spans are involved and multicultural influences are at work. histories should be prefaced by the phrase, â€Å"from my point of view†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  and so it is with art history. its origin, development and influence can be assessed differently by different observers who’s particular backgrounds and experiences shape their understanding. today, i will discuss the development of eurocentric, or western art history and its recognition and integration with the broader world. i want to acknowledge our narrow western view and its failure, until recently, to recognize, accept and†¦show more content†¦in early history we hadn’t thought about it. things just â€Å"were.† decorated objects were plentiful. often they had religious, funerary or ut ilitarian purpose. paintings in churches were for the glory of god. people didn’t have paintings on their castle walls. there were artisans, but not a culture of individuals who produced art for its own sake- artists. it wasn’t until the 14th century that we began to write and think about art as a separate category of things. mimetic art looking backwards, we can see that there came into being a master narrative; that is, a set of rules and ideas which allowed one to identify art and comment on its quality and value. the art object which looked most like the†real† object won the prize. this narrative was known as the mimetic approach. artists strove to capture subjects in detail and capture reality. (i think about dutch paintings of dead birds and fruit in the 17th century.) also, romanticism played a part, with historic scenes and religious themes. beautifully painted, there was an air of distance and objectification about the work. modernism in the mid-19th century, the master narrative and rules for thinking about visual arts changed. the age of modernism began, not only in art, but in the western world. the industrial revolution, age of invention, technological advances (such as photography), philosophical and

The Career Of An Ob / Gyn - 1296 Words

Eric Hoffer once said, â€Å"One of the marks of a truly vigorous society is the ability to dispense with passion as a midwife of action - the ability to pass directly from thought to action.† The reason someone would pick this occupation is because they feel that giving a person or family a chance of hope to have a child is extraordinary and give women a chance to have full control and knowledge of what s going on inside of their bodies. And how they will endure spontaneous and thrillful days. The career of an Ob/Gyn is a thrilling and exciting career because one will never have a dull moment. This research will describe the career of Ob/Gyn what is required to become a successful Ob/Gyn, and the impact this career has on society. The history of Ob/Gyn care was provided by the woman s mother or a female relative, the males were not allowed in the delivery room while the mother is giving birth. This took place during the Greek and Roman times and gradually traveled to the United States. Until the 17th century in France, where they established male midwives, still women have dominated the career in Ob/Gyn care with a 70.3% of residency while males are the minority with a 64% in this career field. Midwives functioned as respected care providers for women. During the 18th century doctor Robert Koch discovered that most infections were not transferred airborne, but by contact with other surfaces and created sepsis, which is a state of being free from disease-causing contaminantsShow MoreRelatedOb / Gyn Nursing Career1511 Words   |  7 PagesGabriela Amador Intro to Health Occupation OB/GYN (Career of Choice) April 29, 2015 OB/GYN Nurse There are many types of nursing careers you can decide to take, the type of nursing career I chose is an OB/GYN nurse. OB/GYN is used as an abbreviation for the actual name of this career. The â€Å"OB† is short for obstetrics or for an obstetrician, which is a physician who specializes in delivering babies. â€Å"GYN† is short for gynecology or for gynecologist, which is a physician who specializes in treatingRead MoreCareer Is An Occupation Undertaken For A Significant Period Of A Person s Life And With Opportunities For Progress1019 Words   |  5 PagesA career is an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person s life and with opportunities for progress. I ´ve dreamed of being a doctor since I was a little girl in elementary school so when my teacher asked the class, ¨What career do you wanna pursue when you go to college? ¨, I automatically knew the answer. I love the feeling of success and relaxation when I make someone feel better. 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Film Review Of The First Time I Went At College

The first time I went to college, I was a film major. I took a course that revolved around the evolution of movies from the first film ever made to the most recent. The instructor did little to hide her views on misogyny dominating the film industry. Since that class, I have been unable to shake her voice from my head while I watch even the most seemingly harmless of movies. If I had stayed in the film industry, I would have tried to change what I inevitably see in mainstream Hollywood movies time and time again- films that fail the Bechdel test, a gross underrepresentation of women both in front of and behind the camera, and the blatant use of women as mere sexual objects in so many blockbuster movies. Looking at some popular films in the last few years provides a rollercoaster of waxing and waning hope for whether or not women are finding success in meaningful roles or continuing to serve as objects to be ogled. The Bechdel test was first made popular in Alison Bechdel’s comic strip Dykes To Watch Out For in a 1985 strip titled The Rule. In the short cartoon a woman asks her girlfriend if she wants to see a movie. The girlfriend replies, telling her she only sees movies that pass â€Å"the rule†- does it feature at least two women, with names, that talk to each other about something other than a man. From there the rule blossomed into a general measuring tool for the presence of women in fictional films. I remember sitting in my film class watching a YouTube video thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Edgar Allen Poe s Spirits Of The Dead 964 Words   |  4 Pagesa priority. Lynnette Rheault provided our first location, props, and was the lead in the film. Kasey provided the camera equipment, acted, and directed the scenes for green screen and special effects. Kaitlyn Kerins wrote the script, directed, edited, acted, and scheduled our meetings. I acted, edited, applied the wound ma keup, and helped brainstorm the script. We all worked together as best we could and in terms created a film together. In this paper I will talk about the overall process of adaptingRead MoreFreshman Year At Nazareth College Of Rochester Our Volleyball Team Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesFreshman year at Nazareth College of Rochester our volleyball team made it to the NCAA championship hosted by our college. We competed through the regular season with a record of 29-1, easily won the first 3 matches of the NCAA tournament, and had earned our way to the finals. The night before the championship, we had our usual team dinner, gathered to watch film of the other team to best prepare for our contest, then headed back to our respective rooms to sleep. Sleep was not easy that night dueRead MoreThe Man Called Peter Brook1009 Words   |  4 Pagesproduct was a laxative called ‘Brooklax’. 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Technology and Sociotechnical Systems †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Technology and Sociotechnical Systems Management. Answer: Introduction This report is based on determining the requirements for development of My Health Record system which will help to capture the stories of young person with mental illness. In this system, the story of patient will be captured at the first instance so that they do not have to re-tell their story every time they visit any Headspace worker or hospital. In this report, the discussions are carried out by illustrating a stakeholder map to identify the internal and external stakeholders associated with the project. Further, questionnaire is also developed for sending it to stakeholders so as to acquire details on the environment along with problem area and capability of the system for mitigating the problems. A Use case diagram is designed to illustrate the operations management that will be carried out by the information system. In the My Health Record system, the internal and external stakeholders will be responsible for carrying out the operational and functional activities. Hence, a stakeholder map has been designed to illustrate upon the stakeholders categorized as internal and external along with their functional area. For each stakeholder, the reason behind their interest in the project have been presented as below: Stakeholder Name Type Reason of Interest Project Manager Internal stakeholder This person will be responsible for control as well as monitoring of the whole project from beginning to completion. Project Manager will also ensure the project is completed within estimated time and allocated budget. System Developer Internal stakeholder This person will accomplish the entire the development of the system management and determining that it meets the requirement. This person have high interest in this project. Finance manager Internal stakeholder This person has medium interest in this project as he/she will be associated with only budgeting and estimating the associated costs. IS consultant Internal stakeholder For developing the information system, project manager and project sponsor have to be consult with the IS consultant. Project sponsor Internal stakeholder This person will be responsible for estimating the financial or capital investment required for the project. Patient External stakeholder Patients can record their story for future reference so that they do not have to narrate each and every time they visit a hospital. Doctor External stakeholder The doctors will be responsible for monitoring the health of patients thus they have low interest directly related to the project. Service providers External stakeholder The specialist co-ops are dependable to see every one of the prerequisites of both the inner and outside partners. Government External stakeholder Keeping in mind the end goal to build up My Health Record" framework the standard administer and arrangements are should have been kept up by the task colleagues and by the framework designers. For identifying the requirements to develop the My Health Record system, a set of structured questionnaire are being prepared as below: Questions for internal stakeholders Do you have any idea on the special feature or services that will be provided by the system? What safety measurements have to be undertaken during development of the system? Do you have any information if the system can be operated by a mobile application? What system flowchart will be maintained to fetch data from the server? Under pseudonym it is conceivable to enlist inside the framework? What various types of confirmation codes will be utilized amid the framework recognizable proof? Questions for external stakeholders Is there any invoice option for the patients and doctors as well? Is there any specification for data access from the server? Is there any restriction for the My Health Record system usage? Can anyone go through the heath details of others? Description of the Use case Name of the use case Answering on interview questionnaires Case scenario Reply to the inquiries those are produced by the individuals from the clinical group. Event triggered The patients are anxious to reply to the inquiries Description After intranet sign in into the framework the patients will have the capacity to reply to the review questions created by the clinical group Relevant use cases Intranet sign in for "My Health Record" framework. Actors Patient/User Stakeholders Doctors along with clinical agency as well as patients Preliminary condition Interview question accessibility Patients are required to have checked client id and watchword Authentication for the patients and accessibility of endorsement from the framework end Devices ought to be associated with the specialists and specialist co-ops Post condition Validated patients authentication Invoice must be gotten by the patients Updated patients account Reports ought to be created for imperative mark or endorsement Report ought to be transmitted to the clinical office Activity flow Actors activity Systems activity Patients are anxious to reply to study address Id and secret word ought to be inputted Then the patients can reply to the study questions System is associated with gadgets, specialists and specialist organizations. Client's id is confirmed Feedback created Approval Review report transmitted Expected outcome The system should be secured from external attackers and must possess all the relevant features those are necessary to develop a digitized health record keeping system. Conclusion From the discussions being carried out in this report it can be concluded that the internal as well as external stakeholders have to be taken into consideration while development of the system. The system help to provide benefits to the patients as they will be able to record their story at the first instance which will be kept in the system for future reference. The stakeholder analysis has provided that internal as well as the external stakeholders have significant interest in the project whether directly related or not. The answers to the survey questionnaire will help to achieve proper solutions and determine exact services that will be provided by the system. Bibliography Boulos, M. N. K., Brewer, A. C., Karimkhani, C., Buller, D. B., Dellavalle, R. P. (2014). Mobile medical and health apps: state of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification.Online journal of public health informatics,5(3). Kerns, J. W., Krist, A. H., Longo, D. R., Kuzel, A. J., Woolf, S. H. (2013). How patients want to engage with their personal health record: a qualitative study.BMJ open,3(7), e002931. Pavlik, V., Brown, A. E., Nash, S., Gossey, J. T. (2014). Association of patient recall, satisfaction, and adherence to content of an electronic health record (EHR)generated after visit summary: a randomized clinical trial.The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine,27(2), 209-218. Pearce, C., Bainbridge, M. (2014). A personally controlled electronic health record for Australia.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,21(4), 707-713. Pearl, R. (2014). Kaiser Permanente Northern California: current experiences with internet, mobile, and video technologies.Health Affairs,33(2), 251-257. Shortliffe, E. H., Cimino, J. J. (Eds.). (2013).Biomedical informatics: computer applications in health care and biomedicine. Springer Science Business Media. Shortliffe, E. H., Cimino, J. J. (Eds.). (2013).Biomedical informatics: computer applications in health care and biomedicine. Springer Science Business Media. Singh, H., Spitzmueller, C., Petersen, N. J., Sawhney, M. K., Smith, M. W., Murphy, D. R., ... Sittig, D. F. (2013). Primary care practitioners' views on test result management in EHR-enabled health systems: a national survey.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,20(4), 727-735. Ventola, C. L. (2014). Mobile devices and apps for health care professionals: uses and benefits.PT,39(5), 356-364. Waterson, P. (2014). Health information technology and sociotechnical systems: A progress report on recent developments within the UK National Health Service (NHS).Applied Ergonomics,45(2), 150-161.

Beuraucracy essays

Beuraucracy essays Some examples of bureaucracy in the United States are: the International Revenue Service, which collects taxes from citizens. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, which looks into crimes for American citizens. The Postal Service, which delivers mail to citizens and the Health Care Financing Administration, which reimburses states fro money, spent on health care for the poor. An Iron Triangle is the relationship among an agency, a committee and an interest group. For example the Department of Veterans Affairs is a triangle made up of the house and Senate committees on Veteran Affairs and Veterans organizations. These three would make up a strong alliance with each other. The department would do what the committee wanted them to do and in return get political support and budget appropriations and the committee would do what the department wanted and in return get votes and campaign contributions. The Department of Housing and Urban Developing is also and Iron Triangle because it works closely with mayors and real-estate agents. Another example of this is the Department of Agriculture, which works closely with form agencies. The Small Business Administration works closely with congress and loan programs that make it so strong that even the most popular President cannot beat them. The Federal Communications Commission works with broadcasters and heads of cable-television companies. They however are feeling the pressure of separate demands coming from both the television guys as well as the broadcasters. The common government agency today is not an iron triangle but an issue network. An issue network consists of people in Washington based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities and think tanks, and in the mass media who regularly debate government policy on a certain subject. The networks are split along political, ideological, and economic lines. ...

The Ramayana essays

The Ramayana essays Long ago in the far off land of Ayodha a boy was born. His name was Rama, son of King Dasartha. As he was growing up he met a young girl. The first time he saw her he was stunned by her beauty; it was love at first sight. Her name was Sita. The ended up getting married; there was a big elaborate ceremony. The person who married her had to bend a bow. Not only did Rama Bend it but he broke it. As the years went by they had a happy life King Dasaratha was getting old and wanted to chooses his son Rama as his heir. His wife Kaikeyi asks that he appoint another son Bharata, instead. Kaikeyi pleads that he owes her two favors, and she feels that something bad would happen to her if he doesn't crown Bharata king and send Rama to the forest for fourteen years. The king hesitated but agreed, so Rama goes with his beautiful wife, Sita, and his brother Laksmana, leaving their riches to live a simple life. In the forest the three meet the demoness Surpanakha who falls in love with Rama. Rama doesnt pay attention to her advances and Laksmana hurts her. She runs away to her brother Ravana, ruler of the island kingdom of Lanka. After hearing Surpanakha's report of the beauty of Sita, Ravana decides that he wants Sita as his own wife and changes himself into in wandering holy man to find her in the forest. When Rama and Laksmana are not paying attention, Ravana Sita cries and wishes for Rama in Ravana's garden in Lanka, while Rama and Laksmana try to get the help of Hanuman, the monkey king, to help them find her. Hanuman, able to make himself big or small, starts his search for Sita by taking a giant step to the Island of Lanka. Carrying Rama's ring he finds Sita and tells her he is Rama's messenger. Sita is very happy, but Hanuman is caught and Ravana sets Hanuman's tail on fire. Hanuman escapes and sets the island ...

Kwon's Investigation to the Artists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kwon's Investigation to the Artists - Essay Example Traditionally, the word â€Å"art† had a limited meaning but with the passage of time, it has broadened its meanings and forms. Public art has faced many controversies from the critics all over the world. But feminist art has emerged in the history as a strong and the most controversial medium through which the efforts and achievements of the feminist artists have sought a medium to reflect the experiences and various colors of a woman’s life. This has changed the idea of contemporary art. The history of feminist art has its roots deeply ingrained in the history of art and therefore, the changes brought by the feminist artists have contributed greatly in changing the history of art. In other words, we can say that feminist artists have intervened in the history of art. The feminist art movement started with the idea that everyday experiences in a woman’s life should be represented through art, where they have been either neglected or underestimated by various fac tors such as the society, culture, politics etc. The emergence of feminist artists took place even before the rise of the feminist art movement in early 1971. ... In addition later in year 1971, women artists were excluded from the exhibition and art galleries by Corcoran Biennial in Washington D.C. which provoked an organized protest from New York Women in Art against the gallery owners for their discriminatory actions. Later in the same year, Judi Chicago founded Feminist art program at Cal State Frenso. Judi Chicago was one of the most recognizable activists in the Movement. She has played a key role in creating awareness among the feminine artists for their roles, rights and contributions in the artwork. In 1972, Judi Chicago came up with another masterpiece entitled as â€Å"WomanHouse† along with Miriam Schapiro at California Institute of Arts. WomanHouse drew the attention of crowds as well as gained the national publicity for the active work from the activists of the Feminist Art Movement (Harper; 1985). This was a collaborative effort by the students to display their artwork; expressing their feelings for being discriminated an d condemned by various performances. It is imperative to understand the term â€Å"feminist art.† This has raised a debate between the art historians and theorists around the globe. It is still difficult for them to understand and extract the exact meaning of feminist art as a movement, a milestone in art history or is it a diversified shift in artwork. Many critics have compared this form of art as an unreal and challenging way of performing art and making it to be seen by the audience. Feminist art has raised many questions that are closely associated with Postmodernism. Feminist art gave a new meaning and dimension to its form. However, Postmodernism has denied the inflexible nature

Ergonomics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Ergonomics - Research Paper Example Ergonomics therefore transcends the process of designing equipment and furniture that is safe and easy to use by humans. Ergonometric designs are normally necessary for the prevention of strain injuries that are always a problem in people who operate machines and equipment for long periods of time. This research therefore seeks to find out the extent to which ergonomics is applied in the conventional workplace. Ergonomics is basically concerned with the interaction between the users of the equipment, the environment and the equipment used (Rosskam, 2009). In the process, it takes into account the aspects of capabilities of people coupled with their various limitations in the process of using machines to operate in the environments. In order to determine the interaction between the human beings and a particular technology, ergonomists will consider the particular work to be undertaken, the needs of the user, the machines to be used and how the particular machine fits the job to be done. As a discipline, ergonomics therefore draws much from other disciplines including engineering, biomechanics, psychology, industrial design, information design and physiology. The discipline of ergonomics is normally segmented into three different divisions. Physical ergonomics mostly deals with human anatomy and how aspects like physiology, anthropometric and bio mechanical characteristics affect the process of physical activity of the people (Murrell, 2008). Cognitive ergonomics on the other hand, deals with the interaction between the various mental processes of memory perception and motor response and the various functioning of the body in a system. In this regard, such aspects like skilled performance, decision making, human-computer interaction and human reliability come in handy as factors to be considered in the design of human interaction systems. Finally, organizational ergonomics deals with

Former president of South Africa Essay Example for Free

Former president of South Africa Essay My friends and I had joined and have been a member of the African National Congress for a long time. Our non-stop mission is to remove apartheid. Since 1944, when I had just joined the antiapartheid organization ANC, we have been trying to talk with the government officials about the unfairness and the disadvantages of apartheid. Our non-violent mission to get rid of apartheid seems to go nowhere. The United Nations and the United States, too, is backing us up with our couple of hundred black colored folks. Since the government is mostly white dominated, they wouldnt listen to our concerns because removing apartheid would be a great disadvantage for them. Most factory or company owners are white. Removing apartheid would mean that they would have to pay the blacks and the colored folks the same money since right now white people get more paid than us. This is just one of the many things the whites would suffer if an antiapartheid nation was formed. In the footsteps of Mohandas Gandhi we pursue a non-violent protest. I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances. Clearly, one could draw the point on how miserable our lives were and under these circumstances you suffer greatly or stand up for your culture, stand up for your country and the meaning of our tribes. A changing world demands redefinition of old concepts. Africa, first step where humans took on this planet and we follow the biblical rules. I detest racialism, because I regard it as a barbaric thing, whether it comes from a black man or a white man. Dear Journal: November 1962 This is my first night in prison. I do not write to you in shame since I believe to be lucky enough to escape hanging. I am currently imprisoned at Robben Island with some of my colleagues for protesting against the true Africans not having any democratic rights, which wiped out the possibility of bringing peace to South Africa. We Africans do not even have any of the Basic Human Rights. We are born with these rights and unless we give them up  for a certain type of government they are ours to keep. Us not having any human rights was an unarguable point since at Sharpeville in March of 1960 the police fired at an African crowd and killing 67. Most of them were shot in the back. No one in his right senses would choose such a life, but there comes a time when a man is denied the right to live a normal life, when he can only live the life of an outlaw because the government had so decreed to use the law. I could have continued with my life with what I was taught to do in life; fight, and since I was almost considerably a professional boxer I could have made good money and have a high-social life. But I chose to fight for our Basic Human rights, bring peace and end apartheid. And is this what I get for trying to get equal rights? I have been sentenced for life in this forbidding, desolate place. This was my home. It was so big at the time. I dont know why it is so small now. I am treated harshly in this place. We do not receive healthy food and we have to work in a lime quarry. I can only write letters no longer than 500 words every six months and eventually I was able to talk with Winnie my dearest wife. We were not allowed to read books nor newspapers so the only way I could get information about what is going outside was through Winnie and her letters. Dear Journal:December 27, 1988 You could say Im getting used to my imprisonment. Since December, I was moved to a cottage at Victor Verster Prison. The reason I believe why the government moved me to this comfortable prison is because; back in August, when I became very ill the government was afraid that if I died there would be a massive revolt. Because of my enormous popular support, I was taken to one of the best medical centers in the country. When in October I felt better, I was moved here. I feel much safer and more comfortable. This was just a prison farm even with a swimming pool. At least I do not have to work on fixing roads and collecting seaweed on hot summer days. During the winter, back at Robben Island, we worked at Limestone Quarry and after 10 years of labor my doctor told me that I shouldnt lift so hard. The South African Government published my photos to show how much comfort I was living in. After all the restrictions I have received, these were the first photos of myself since 1966. In the name of the law, I found myself treated as a  criminalnot because of what I had done, but because of what I stood for, because of my conscience. After all I did expect them to treat me harshly, I was the one of few man who stood up for my country and because of what I was trying to accomplish made it so unbearable towards the government. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal, which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. The United Nations Article states that all men shall have the basic human right, independence and equal treatment. So I shall receive that right. Dear Journal:August 17, 1984 I have been telling you about in how horrible living conditions that black people live in. But maybe you dont exactly know what they are. Well let me tell you a broad definition of apartheid. Apartheid was a law unfair to black people in South Africa and it was made even before I was born. It limited our civil rights. We couldnt vote nor have proper jobs. We endured bad housing such as slums with no electricity or pluming. Black people were arrested most of the time for no major particular reason and put into really bad prisons. So now you know why it is so important for me to end apartheid. A man who takes away another mans freedom is a prisoner of hatred, he is locked behind bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness.The oppressed and the oppressor alike are robbed of their humanity. After 20 years at Robben Island, the states most guarded prison, my people were asking for my independence. In my isolation section, I was secretly able to keep track of what was going on at the outside world. According to the information I received, newspapers started writing headlines such as FREE MANDELA and LET MANDELA GO. I was so respected and recognized that the whole world started to notice how much the people wanted to free me. What I dont understand is why they waited so long. It was hard to know what was going on but I made it my business to keep track of what was happening in my nation and in the world. The United States and Great Britain were naming streets and parks after me. I didnt realize till today how people looked up to me  and considered me important, for what I have tried to do and will still try; end apartheid. Human rights groups and Universities gave me honors and awards but it was impossible for them to ever reach me. Its not like theyre papers which could be sneaked in, well I will just have to wait till I receive my independence. Dear Journal:May 11, 1994 Yesterday was one the happiest days of my life. I was the president of South America. After 27 years if suffering in prisons. After the next 4 years of my release I had been involved in rebels against the government, beside my followers. These last 4 years chaotic and violent. My supporters fought viciously with the Inkatha Party of the Zulu chief Gatsha Buthelezi. Many were killed on their side but unfortunately so did many on our side. When in 1986 I started to make negotiations with Botha I had refused his deal to give me my freedom under such conditions where I had to live in Transkei, reject violence and many other things. If I accepted these conditions just for my freedom, it would be a violation of what I stand for in my spot at the ANC. I kept it a secret till when I had to tell my friends so they could help me get my freedom and I could do well for my nation. The new President of South Africa and leader of the National Party, F.W. de Klerk, in the end decided to release myself and the other political prisoners. He also made ANC legal so I when I asked him for my freedom he released me. On February, 1990 I was released. But my joyful days werent over yet. A general election was held in April, 1994. And about a year after the elections, yesterday I became the new and first black president of South America. Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another. The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement. Let freedom reign. God bless Africa! The people were dependant on me because they knew that I would spare a civil war and follow whatever the ANC says to do so. As the people saw me end apartheid along F.W. de Klerk back in 1993 and received the Nobel Peace price, they expected me to bring many other good reforms. I promise to change the whole perception towards black people.

Software Patent/Copyright Issues in Peru :: Technology Computers Essays

Software Patent/Copyright Issues in Peru Software Patent/Copyright issues are a global concern. Information Technology developments in the last ten years have brought innovation in both Software and Hardware. The rise of the Internet and its users around the world is stretching the frontiers. But these advances in Information Technology came with the easy way to copy software illegally. My research will be focused on the laws that protect the intellectual property in Peru and their effect globally. I will analyze the issue from an ethical perspective in how these laws are right or wrong and my personal opinion for a solution of the problem from different approaches. Peru and the Globalization I left my country five years ago. When I came here I got my first computer. I didn’t buy one in Peru because I was scared that someone could steal it from my house. My cousin’s PC was stolen twice (each time a new PC) from her house. By 1992, after terrorism, the delinquency increased considerable in Lima, capital of Peru. A third world country faces different kinds of problems, but the top one is economical. The resources are limited and one of the most important tools for a country as for a private company is its investment in Research and Development to grow. Software Patent/Copyright laws in Peru INDECOPI Peru has a government institute, the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property (INDECOPI). The following laws are exclusive for software: Jurisprudence / Features Features upon the use of computer programs (software) 1.It is allowed to use software brought from another country with the corresponding license, but cannot be commercialized without the authorization of the holder of the right of author. The allowed user has the right to install the program on the hard disk for its effective use. Every reproduction or utilization of software without having the corresponding license granted by the holder of the right of author or his representative is considered illicit and passive for sanction administrative and/or judicial. The computers that sell itself with the software incorporated have to be delivered with the manual, respective licenses of use and backups containing the program. The software cannot be utilized in a greater number of computers that the authorized in the respective license. In the case of networks it is required to count the licenses for all the machines that utilize the software. It is illicit to rent software without the authorization of the holder of the right of author.

Adolph Hitler’s Leadership Ethics Essay

About 18 months ago, the Council of the Academy of Sciences of South Africa (ASSAf) appointed a Study Panel of eminent scientists to examine and collate the most relevant and reliable evidence on the influences of nutrition on human immunity, particularly in respect of HIV infection and active tuberculosis in South Africa. The decision to focus on this topic was sparked by the prevailing debates and public uncertainty in South Africa regarding the role of nutrition and nutritional supplements such as vitamins and minerals in the management of HIV infection. The Study Panel report released a few weeks ago under the title ‘HIV/AIDS, TB and Nutrition’ observes that South Africa is currently in the throes of three distinct epidemics – malnutrition, HIV infection and TB. The prevalence of each is sufficiently high that the same communities may be affected by all three epidemics in a purely mathematical overlap, but there is also prima facie evidence from observational studies that the three epidemics are in fact often linked in a synergistic relationship in which they mutually reinforce and facilitate one another. The report provides up-to-date and in-depth epidemiological summaries of each. This editorial will however largely concern itself with nutrition and HIV infection. Why nutrition is important for the immune system The body defends itself against microbial invasion by activating its quite complex immune system, and mobilising what the report dubs the ‘flamethrowers’ or respiratory burst whose central role is the intracellular killing of pathogenic organisms by oxidation or ‘burning’. This in turn relies on the availability of energy stored in energy-yielding fuels such as carbohydrates and fats to fuel the ‘respiratory burst’. Largely for this reason, the resting energy expenditure in HIV-infected individuals is increased by at least 10% compared with noninfected persons. This critical chain of complex defensive mechanisms (involving regulatory hormones, neuropeptides, cytokines and neurotransmitters) is obviously undermined if the infected person is not kept supplied with adequate energyladen macronutrients such as carbohydrates and fats. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are equally important as part of the nutritional landscape for the optimal functioning of the immune system. For example, the vitamin B complex – thiamine, riboflavin and niacin – has a critical role in the Krebs cycle via which the required energy is generated. However, oxidants are indiscriminate warriors that will attack and destroy both invader and host cells alike. For this reason, there is a need for ‘fire extinguishers’, and micronutrients fulfil the parallel and important role of serving as antioxidants whose function is to limit and contain the destructive effects of oxidants on the host cells. HIV infection and nutrition HIV infection is associated with weight loss and wasting, both of which are independent contributors to poor clinical outcome. The reasons for the weight loss and wasting are multifactorial, and include the increased resting energy expenditure, food scarcity, and decreased absorption of ingested food due to gastrointestinal disease or viral disruption of the intestinal mucosa. Although a 10% or greater loss of body weight over a year is not uncommon in HIV, there is in fact a high degree of variability in the extent of weight loss and wasting which, not infrequently, is causally associated with secondary infection. Whole-body protein turnover may be as high as 25% in untreated HIV sufferers, leading to cachexia. Also, as already mentioned, resting energy expenditure is increased by 10% in HIV-infected people. It would therefore appear to stand to reason that nutritional intervention in people with HIV infection will improve survival and/or quality of life, but hard evidence to this effect is woefully lacking. Very few randomised, placebo-controlled trials have been conducted in this regard. There is preliminary evidence, however, that specific dietary supplements such as amino acid mixtures increase body weight and reduce HIV viral load. Supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides reduces HIV-associated intestinal dysfunction and fat malabsorption. And ready-to-use therapeutic food improves nutritional status in severely malnourished children. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are essential to immune function, and deficiencies may therefore act as cofactors in HIV transmission and progression. Micronutrient deficiencies are common in HIV-infected people. Multivitamin supplementation has been shown in observational studies to result in a 40 – 48% slower progression to AIDS and a 40 – 60% reduction in the risk of death after 8 years of follow-up. But here again, there is an unhappy lack of sufficiently powered randomised controlled trials to confirm these benefits. The World Health Organization, the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society and the Department of Health have all published guidelines for nutrition in HIV/AIDS that have been collated in the ASSAf report. But the report also identifies gaps in our knowledge regarding HIV and nutrition, and recommends areas and topics that ought to be prioritised for research. Daniel J Ncayiyana Editor ‘HIV/AIDS, TB and Nutrition’ – ASSAf Report SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL – FIRST PUBLISHED JANUARY 1884 October 2007, Vol. 97, No. 10 SAMJ 893

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