Software Patent/Copyright Issues in Peru :: Technology Computers Essays

Software Patent/Copyright Issues in Peru Software Patent/Copyright issues are a global concern. Information Technology developments in the last ten years have brought innovation in both Software and Hardware. The rise of the Internet and its users around the world is stretching the frontiers. But these advances in Information Technology came with the easy way to copy software illegally. My research will be focused on the laws that protect the intellectual property in Peru and their effect globally. I will analyze the issue from an ethical perspective in how these laws are right or wrong and my personal opinion for a solution of the problem from different approaches. Peru and the Globalization I left my country five years ago. When I came here I got my first computer. I didn’t buy one in Peru because I was scared that someone could steal it from my house. My cousin’s PC was stolen twice (each time a new PC) from her house. By 1992, after terrorism, the delinquency increased considerable in Lima, capital of Peru. A third world country faces different kinds of problems, but the top one is economical. The resources are limited and one of the most important tools for a country as for a private company is its investment in Research and Development to grow. Software Patent/Copyright laws in Peru INDECOPI Peru has a government institute, the National Institute for the Defense of Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property (INDECOPI). The following laws are exclusive for software: Jurisprudence / Features Features upon the use of computer programs (software) 1.It is allowed to use software brought from another country with the corresponding license, but cannot be commercialized without the authorization of the holder of the right of author. The allowed user has the right to install the program on the hard disk for its effective use. Every reproduction or utilization of software without having the corresponding license granted by the holder of the right of author or his representative is considered illicit and passive for sanction administrative and/or judicial. The computers that sell itself with the software incorporated have to be delivered with the manual, respective licenses of use and backups containing the program. The software cannot be utilized in a greater number of computers that the authorized in the respective license. In the case of networks it is required to count the licenses for all the machines that utilize the software. It is illicit to rent software without the authorization of the holder of the right of author.

Adolph Hitler’s Leadership Ethics Essay

About 18 months ago, the Council of the Academy of Sciences of South Africa (ASSAf) appointed a Study Panel of eminent scientists to examine and collate the most relevant and reliable evidence on the influences of nutrition on human immunity, particularly in respect of HIV infection and active tuberculosis in South Africa. The decision to focus on this topic was sparked by the prevailing debates and public uncertainty in South Africa regarding the role of nutrition and nutritional supplements such as vitamins and minerals in the management of HIV infection. The Study Panel report released a few weeks ago under the title ‘HIV/AIDS, TB and Nutrition’ observes that South Africa is currently in the throes of three distinct epidemics – malnutrition, HIV infection and TB. The prevalence of each is sufficiently high that the same communities may be affected by all three epidemics in a purely mathematical overlap, but there is also prima facie evidence from observational studies that the three epidemics are in fact often linked in a synergistic relationship in which they mutually reinforce and facilitate one another. The report provides up-to-date and in-depth epidemiological summaries of each. This editorial will however largely concern itself with nutrition and HIV infection. Why nutrition is important for the immune system The body defends itself against microbial invasion by activating its quite complex immune system, and mobilising what the report dubs the ‘flamethrowers’ or respiratory burst whose central role is the intracellular killing of pathogenic organisms by oxidation or ‘burning’. This in turn relies on the availability of energy stored in energy-yielding fuels such as carbohydrates and fats to fuel the ‘respiratory burst’. Largely for this reason, the resting energy expenditure in HIV-infected individuals is increased by at least 10% compared with noninfected persons. This critical chain of complex defensive mechanisms (involving regulatory hormones, neuropeptides, cytokines and neurotransmitters) is obviously undermined if the infected person is not kept supplied with adequate energyladen macronutrients such as carbohydrates and fats. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are equally important as part of the nutritional landscape for the optimal functioning of the immune system. For example, the vitamin B complex – thiamine, riboflavin and niacin – has a critical role in the Krebs cycle via which the required energy is generated. However, oxidants are indiscriminate warriors that will attack and destroy both invader and host cells alike. For this reason, there is a need for ‘fire extinguishers’, and micronutrients fulfil the parallel and important role of serving as antioxidants whose function is to limit and contain the destructive effects of oxidants on the host cells. HIV infection and nutrition HIV infection is associated with weight loss and wasting, both of which are independent contributors to poor clinical outcome. The reasons for the weight loss and wasting are multifactorial, and include the increased resting energy expenditure, food scarcity, and decreased absorption of ingested food due to gastrointestinal disease or viral disruption of the intestinal mucosa. Although a 10% or greater loss of body weight over a year is not uncommon in HIV, there is in fact a high degree of variability in the extent of weight loss and wasting which, not infrequently, is causally associated with secondary infection. Whole-body protein turnover may be as high as 25% in untreated HIV sufferers, leading to cachexia. Also, as already mentioned, resting energy expenditure is increased by 10% in HIV-infected people. It would therefore appear to stand to reason that nutritional intervention in people with HIV infection will improve survival and/or quality of life, but hard evidence to this effect is woefully lacking. Very few randomised, placebo-controlled trials have been conducted in this regard. There is preliminary evidence, however, that specific dietary supplements such as amino acid mixtures increase body weight and reduce HIV viral load. Supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides reduces HIV-associated intestinal dysfunction and fat malabsorption. And ready-to-use therapeutic food improves nutritional status in severely malnourished children. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are essential to immune function, and deficiencies may therefore act as cofactors in HIV transmission and progression. Micronutrient deficiencies are common in HIV-infected people. Multivitamin supplementation has been shown in observational studies to result in a 40 – 48% slower progression to AIDS and a 40 – 60% reduction in the risk of death after 8 years of follow-up. But here again, there is an unhappy lack of sufficiently powered randomised controlled trials to confirm these benefits. The World Health Organization, the Southern African HIV Clinicians Society and the Department of Health have all published guidelines for nutrition in HIV/AIDS that have been collated in the ASSAf report. But the report also identifies gaps in our knowledge regarding HIV and nutrition, and recommends areas and topics that ought to be prioritised for research. Daniel J Ncayiyana Editor ‘HIV/AIDS, TB and Nutrition’ – ASSAf Report SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL – FIRST PUBLISHED JANUARY 1884 October 2007, Vol. 97, No. 10 SAMJ 893

How to Identify Minerals in 10 Steps

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Flipped Classrooms

In a portion of today’s class we discussed the advantages and disadvantages of flipped classrooms, which are when the student watched the lesson plan at home and comes ready to do the activity or discussion in class the next day. Some of the advantages are that the students will be engaged in the material since its video form, it helps with time management in the classroom, the student can watch the lesson plan as many times as they like, etc. I think the best advantage of the flipped classroom is that the students can pause, rewind, and fast forward, where as in the classroom, that’s not an option. Some disadvantages to a flip classroom are not all students have a computer or Internet access at home and some students won’t watch the lesson plan. Especially in Title One schools, many students do not have computers at home or access to a computer to watch a lesson plan, making it extremely difficult to do the activity the next day. I think a flipped classroom would be good on a high school level or even college level, but I think it would be very difficult at the elementary school level. After watching the video of our countries history of education, I think the most important step in our public education was the thought process that education wasn’t just for the rich. Leaders such as Thomas Jefferson wanted public education for everyone and believed it would make people more effective citizens. However, the greatest step toward creating public education was createdShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Flipped Classroom Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesAdvantages and Disadvantages The idea of a flipped classroom can cause a heated debate between both veteran and rookie educators. With any new concept or technique in the education realm, there are always advantages and disadvantages. When implementing a flipped classroom, it is important to take the following ‘teacher advantages’ from Bergmann and Sams (2012) into consideration: 1. Increases student-teacher interaction 2. Allows for increased differentiation 3. Changes classroom management 4Read MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of A Flipped Classroom3116 Words   |  13 PagesFLIPPED CLASSROOM 1 FLIPPED CLASSROOM 11 Introduction Learning is no longer thought of as an inactive manner of attaining understanding. Even in the past, student engagement was important to learning. It was accomplished through a variety of mediums such as audio, video, slides, games, or other multimedia. But in an age when technology is heavily used, new teaching strategies are needed to keep the students actively listening and participating. A strategy that is new, but not a new conceptRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of A Flipped Classroom3366 Words   |  14 PagesFLIPPED CLASSROOM 1 FLIPPED CLASSROOM 13 Introduction Learning is no longer thought of as an inactive manner of attaining understanding. Even in the past, student engagement was important to learning. It was accomplished through a variety of mediums such as audio, video, slides, games, or other multimedia. But in an age when technology is heavily used, new teaching strategies are needed to keep the students actively listening and participating. 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According to The Wallace Foundation (n.d.), â€Å"It goes almost without saying that kids today are absorbed in computers, cell phones, video games, television and other media-spending an averageRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of A Math Classroom1232 Words   |  5 PagesIn order to discuss the advantages and disadvantages for â€Å"flipping† a math classroom you will need to define what that means. The flipped classroom approach is basically exactly how it sounds; the teacher and the students flip roles in the classroom setting. One article defines it as â€Å"a student-centered learning method consisting of two parts with interactive learning activities during lesson and individual teaching bases directly on computer out of lesson. (Ozdamli Asiksoy, 2016,pg.99) This meansRead MorePro And Cons Of Technology Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious ways that technology can support reading instruction for above, on, and below grade level students. 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The Federal Protectionism of Minority Rights in the United...

Thomas Jefferson, in his 1801 First Inaugural Address for President of the United States of America, stated, â€Å"All . . . will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect and to violate would be oppression (Inaugural Addresses, 1989).† Jefferson was not alone in this thinking. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and others understood that the unbridled power of the majority, which is the life-blood of a democracy, could be easily used to ignore or degrade the rights of a minority group. The framers of our nation intended for the protection of minority rights over the†¦show more content†¦In his 1816 letter to Pierre Samuel Dupont de Nemours, Jefferson reiterates this thought, â€Å"The majority, oppressing an individual, is guilty of a crime, abuses its strength, and by acting on the law o f the strongest breaks up the foundations of society (Classically Liberal, 2008).† The founder’s thoughts are echoed from across the Atlantic Ocean as well by a French visitor to America and an English thinker. In his book Democracy in America published in 1835, French historian Alexis de Tocqueville wrote, â€Å"Men do not change their characters by uniting with one another; nor does their patience in the presence of obstacles increase with their strength (Majority Rule, 2012).† Throughout his American travels in 1831 and 1832, de Tocqueville saw instances of minority oppression by the force of the majority, especially in regards to the rights of African-Americans. 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Most companies and individuals keep a close eye on what forms of protectionism that are put in place which may negatively impact the ability to transact business relations. If a country builds a barrier by over taxing or closing operations to certain segments of the globe, it can affect the market place. The global market is very sensitive to taxation, too high of a tax

Business Research Methods Critique and Transgression

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Methods for Critique and Transgression. Answer: Introduction: It can be said that the entire questionnaire reflects the concern of the Roxanne Freeman reading the customers on their traveling experience. Tomlinson (2013) depicts in his research that it is crucial to identify the drawbacks of the competitors so that that could be implemented for better satisfaction of the customers. Canterbury Travels formulates a questionnaire to gather information from the customer regarding the duration of their traveling and the purpose for their traveling so that they can provide their services in the peak season or festive occasions (Currans 2016). Moreover, the rating customer will give while answering the questionnaire helps the Canterbury Travels to enhance their services particularly in some areas that customer wants to develop in travel agents. oreover are some questions regarding the frequency of the customers use a travel agency and the means through which those customers make payments for their travel plans. These questions provide the Canterbury Travels an effective approach o incorporate different payment options. They can also plan their further traveling plans depending on their type of traveling. Foucault and Thubron (2016) depicts that people need help when they travel for leisure as they are unaware of the new surroundings while a person has a planned destination on a business tour. Thus, the concerned organization can target the leisure travelers not only for provide them extra support and services but to enhance their relationship with hotel and travel organization of the different states. Attaining information from the survey Yes, the Canterbury Travels gain the information they need from this survey. This survey is helpful for the organization to attain knowledge whether the customer travel out of the Unite States so that they can expand their travel agency beyond U.S. The question by which means they make their travel agreements helps the Canterbury Travels to develop new strategies. Chen and Chang (2012) explain that, in recent times, travel agents associated with the different airlines and travel agents of other states so that an effectively planned tour can be provided to the clients. Following this approach, the concerned organization can gain extra financial growth of their organization. The personal questions like the age, gender, marital status, occupation, income group and education are helpful to gather the target group. Future services can be formulated depending on their affordability and understanding of the benefits of their travel services compared to the other competitive agencies within the same town. Reference List Chen, C.M. and Chang, K.L., 2012. The influence of travel agents on travel expenditures.Annals of Tourism Research,39(2), pp.1258-1263. Currans, K.M., 2016. Understanding Where We Live and How We Travel. Foucault, M. and Thubron, C., 2016. Travel as Critique and Transgression in.Travel and Transformation, p.43. Tomlinson, B., 2013. The relationship of travel agents and consumer travel magazines concerning the travel destinations of tourists using travel agencies.

John Bergers Writing Ways Of Seeing Is A Look Into The World Of Art. T

John Berger's writing Ways of Seeing is a look into the world of art. Throughout his composition, he gives his opinions on various topics about art. Jane Tompkins essay Indians: Textualism, Morality, and the Problem of History is a look into the world of history. Within her essay, Tompkins discusses her views on the quest of finding truth in history. She uses terms such as relativism ,the understanding that man or woman can never find the absolute truth in facts, and epistemological quandary , a predicament where in her case she could not find the correct knowledge and facts to interpret and learn the factual information she desired to possess. These terms help to develop her way of finding the historical truth when there are many different accounts of history. Reproductions occur in many different aspects of life. Two of these such aspects are art and history, the areas of expertise of Berger and Tompkins respectively. Berger believes that non-exact reproductions of art are of great Widro 2 value while Tompkins believes that there is little value if there is a non-exact reproduction or recount of history. John Berger ,an art critic as well as an author, is a proponent of reproducing art in different forms other that the original. When Berger talks about this positive view of reproduction ,he says that, In the age of reproduction the meaning of the paintings is no longer attached to them; their meaning becomes transmittable that is to say it because information of a sort ,and, like all information, is either put to use or ignored; information carries no special authority within itself.(65) This quote explains Berger's feelings on the reproduction of art in our time. He illustrates to the reader that reproductions give the art viewer a more specific angle on a art piece. By doing this the art pursuer can understand the piece on a greater level making the original piece more comprehensible. Because of this, Berger makes the assertion that reproduction enhances the understanding of the original piece thus making reproduction justified and a worthy thing to accomplish. Widro 3 This belief that reproduction further explains a piece of art carries into Berger's thinking on modern film and the modern camera. Not only can art or paintings be reproduces with another painting but it can be reproduced with the camera. A film-maker can use art to illustrate a theme or point that he or she is trying to make. When a painting is reproduced by a film camera it inevitably becomes for the material film-maker's argument(66). Because of this a film which reproduces images of a paintings leads the spectator through the painting, to the film-maker's own conclusions(66). Film is another venue for people to broaden their understanding of paintings. Thus, Berger is for this form of reproduction. This is another point that Berger uses to further display the benefit of art reproduction. An alternate view of reproductions is held by Jane Tompkins. She analyzes history with the application of relativism, the understanding that man or woman can never find the absolute truth in facts, to the dilemmas of history. In the end, she describes her conclusions regarding historical interpretation. First she begins to realize her dilemmas with establishing non-biased historical fact when preparing to teach a course in colonial American literature. Tompkins wanted to learn what she could about the Puritan's Widro 4 relationship with the Americans Indians, but she soon found extremely conflicting reports. She explains, Some of the conflicting accounts were not simply contradictory, they were completely incommensurable, in that their assumptions about what counted as a valid approach to the subject, and what the subject itself was, diverged in fundamental ways(619). In other words, when a person researches a fact they will always find conflicting reports which is shown here by Tompkins. Tompkins felt a loss because she was frustrated with this array of mutually irreconcilable points of view(619) and decided to turn to what she viewed as primary sources(620) for further clarification. Yet here Tompkins finds further evidence of bias, and further frustration. She describes her situation as a complete epistemological quandary(620). This is a quandary where in her case she could not find the correct knowledge and facts to interpret and learn the factual information she desired to